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Laboratory works requires apparatus made in a Borosilicate 3.3 expansion glass which offer maximum inertnees to widest range of chemical substances, withstand thermal shock, high temperature without deforming and resilient enough to withstand the normal laboratory handling, washing and sterilizing processes.

Borosilicate glass represents unmatched standardized unmatched standardized glass for construction of laboratory glassware's. its steadily growing use is due to many advantages over conventional materials.
 
Outstanding corrosion resistance
Smooth pore and surface.
Transparency
Catalytic, inertness
No effect on taste and odour
Physiological inertness

Borosilicate glass is chosen for its unique chemical and physical properties. Borosilicate glass can be considered as being composed of oxides. Silica [SiO2], boric oxide [B2O2] and phosphorous pentaoxide [P2O5] are chief glass from oxides. Soda[Na2o], Lime [CaO], Alumina [Al2O3] Potash [K2O] Magnesia [MgO] and lead oxide [PbO] are the principal modifiers/ fluxes.
 

 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
The composition of borosilicate glass used has following approximate composition.
   
SiO2-80.6%
B2O233-12.%
Na2O-4.5%
Al2O3-2.2%
 
RESISTANCE CHEMICALS
Borosilicate glass is inert to almost all materials except hydrofluoric acid [HF] phosphoric acid [H3PO4] and hot strong caustic solutions of these Hydrofluoric acid has the most serious effect , even when its is present in PPM [parts per million] in solutions. When as phosphoric acid and caustic solutions cause no problem when cold but at elevated temperature corrosion occurs .In case of caustic solutions upto 30% concentration can be handled safely at ambient temperature.

Under actual operating conditions, the effect of turbulance, and traces of other chemicals in the solution may increase or decrease the rate of attack. So it is not possible to give exact figures for corrosion by caustic solution.
 
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion the coefficient  of thermal expansion of borosilicate glass over the temperature 0-300C is 33x10 /c. This is very low when compared with other glasses and metals. That is why borosilicate glass often called low expansion borosilicate glass.
 
SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat between 25oC and 300oC is average to be 0.233Kcal/Kg oC.
 
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity is 1.0Kcal/hr.moC over the permissible operating temperature range.
 
ANNEALING
Annealing of glass is the process where the glass is heated and kept for a defined period of time to relieve internal stresses. Careful cooling under controlled is essential to ensure that no stresses are reintroduced by chilling/cooling.
 
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The luck of ductility of glass prevents the equalization of stresses at local irregularities or flaws and the breakage strength varies considerably about a mean value . This latter is found to occur at a tensile strength of about 700/kgs/cm.  In order to allow for the spread of breaking stress. a large factor of safety is applied when determining the wall  thickness requirement to allow operation up to specified limit of working pressure.
 
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Borosilicate glass shows no appreciable absorption in the visible region of spectrum and therefore appears clear and colorless. In photo chemical process the transparency of ultra violet is of particular importance. It follows from the transmittance of material in UV region that photochemical reactions such as chlorination and sulpho- chlorination can be performed in it .

 
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